Migration
Being a migrant itself it is very touchy and personal
interest to write on this subject. Before the start of this, I would like to
quote below the line of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
An ideal society should be mobile, should be full of
channels for conveying a change taking place in one part to other parts. –
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Actually, migration started from the start of civilization
when we have started moving for our livelihood and economic activities and it
is not a new thought. Most of the world population is actually migrants whether
as an invader, businessman, or as a laborer and either for state acquiring,
wealth or livelihood.
Nowadays migration generally happens either due to political
or economical reason. Urbanization, better income, and education opportunity is
a major factor for economical reason migration. This factor triggers the
migration from village to town, from town to city or from town/city to metro
cities and from town/city/Metros to foreign countries. There is also reverse
migration in the opposite direction from urban to rural areas due to various
reasons which we will elaborate at a later stage.
If you want to study the dynamics of any nation’s society
you need to study the movement(migration) of the population in different parts of
the country or outside. Nowadays when many Indian states are undergoing faster
economic and infrastructure development, particularly in areas, such as,
infrastructure, manufacturing, IT or service sectors, the study of migration
has become more important to know what will be the country shape in future in
terms of demographic and cultural composition and cosmopolitan development and
how the society will react at both place 1st from where migration begins and to
where migration reached.
In a census the base for migration taken as a when a person
is enumerated at a different place than his / her place of birth. This basis is
not correct for economic study however may be base on the social study because
it includes migration due to marriage too in the census formula.
Internal
Migration
We are observing that more than half of the world’s
population lives in urban areas, and this is steadily growing every year.
India, where the majority of the population is still dependent on agriculture,
is no exception to this trend. As per the India census 2011, the level of
urbanization has reached to 31.16% in 2011 from 27.81% in 2001. Urbanization in
India is a consequence of demographic explosion and poverty-induced rural-urban
migration which is an alarming situation for the country as the infrastructure
is still not able to take this load.
The magnitude of inter-state migration in India was close to
9 million annually between 2011 and 2016 ( as per the estimates of Economic
Survey of India 2017), while Census 2011 pegs the total number of internal
migrants in the country are 139 million. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and
Odisha is the biggest source states, followed closely by Madhya Pradesh,
Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, and West Bengal; the major
destination states are west and south part like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Kerala including Delhi NCR.
In the modern era, the migration of people for work and
education has been a reason for the structural transformation of societies and
economies and has paved the way for the movement of “surplus labor” from
relatively low-income agricultural activities to sectors enjoying higher
income. The resulting remittance flows increase household spending in the
receiving regions and further the economic development of less-developed
regions.
As per the Economic Survey of India 2017, The largest
migrant recipient state was the Delhi region, which accounted for more than
half of the migration in the year 2015-16, while Uttar Pradesh and Bihar took
together account for half of the total out-migrants. Maharashtra, Goa, and Tamil
Nadu had major net in-migration, while Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh had major
net out-migration.
States like Delhi, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat
attract large swathes of migrants from the Hindi heartland of Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh. Kolkata in West Bengal attracts migrants from nearby
states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and, Odisha, making evident one of
the laws of migration propounded by Ravenstein (1885) – “There is a process of
absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move
into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas,
and so on until the attractive force is spent.” There is an interesting dynamic
between Gujarat and Maharashtra where Surat has started acting as a counter
magnet region to Mumbai and attracts migrants from the neighboring districts of
Maharashtra. Other counter magnet region dynamics are observed in Jaipur and
Chandigarh (to Delhi), From Maharajganj, Deoria, Kushinagar, Siddharth Nagar,
Gopalganj, Siwan, West Champaran to Gorakhpur similarly from nearby cities to
Lucknow. Surprisingly there is little evidence that language was a barrier to
this migration flows.
This study predicts an increasing rate of growth of migrants
over the years. The numbers show that internal migration has been rising over
time, nearly doubling in the 2000s relative to the 1990s. One plausible
hypothesis for this acceleration is that the rewards (in the form of
prospective income and employment opportunities) have become greater than the
costs and risks that migration entails. Higher growth and a multitude of
economic opportunities could, therefore, have been the catalyst for such an acceleration
of migration. This acceleration has taken place in the backdrop of discouraging
incentives such as domicile provisions for working in different states, lack of
portability of benefits, legal and other entitlements upon relocation. To
sustain this churn, however, these policy hurdles have to be overcome.
Portability of food security benefits, healthcare, and a basic social security
framework for the migrant is crucial – potentially through an inter-state
self-registration process. While there do currently exist multiple schemes that
address migrant welfare, they are implemented at the state level, and hence
require interstate coordination of fiscal costs of migration.
Type of
Migration
Based on Push and Pull Factors for migration we can
categorize migration in the following type.
1. Migration
via Invader
2. Migration
due to Partition
3. Migration
from neighboring countries
4. Migration
due to unrest at sending areas
5. Migration
due to natural calamities, starvation, etc.
6. Migration
due to lack of opportunities
7. Migration
due to business expansion
8. Migration
due to education & marriage
Migration via Invader
Indian territory has encountered many migrations through
invaders from BC to AD which starts from Aryan, Persian, Iranian, Greek, Hun, Kushan
to Portuguese, Arabian, Mongol, Mughal & British invasion. Through this
invasion, a large population came to Indian land being army soldiers and
businessmen and at a later stage, they mixed up here and becomes local.
Migration due to Partition
India encountered many partitions and political divisions
which forces the people to migrate here and there. Major migration due to
partition and political division in India is India Pakistan division, East
& West Bengal Division, Immigration during Bangladesh liberation war of
1971.
Migration from neighboring countries
The hills states in the region like Arunachal Pradesh,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland are predominantly inhabited by tribal people.
The region’s population results from ancient and continuous flows of migrations
from Tibet, Indo-Gangetic India, the Himalayas, present Bangladesh, and
Myanmar. Also, nearby states of Nepal are also receiving a lot of Nepalese
migrants to India for job purposes.
Migration due to unrest at sending areas
In India, most of the migration also happened due to unrest
in sending areas. Like most of the people leaving the Assam because of unrest
and conflict between Hindi speaking and non-Hindi speaking. Also, communal
riots are one of the major reasons for migration. In 1950, it was estimated
that almost 10 lakhs refugees crossed into West Bengal, particularly in the
aftermath of the 1950 Barisal riots and Noakhali riots. The 1951 Census of
India recorded that 27% of Kolkata’s population was East Bengali refugees mainly
Hindu Bengalis.
Migration due to natural calamities, drought, starvation,
etc.
In India migration also happened due to natural calamities,
drought, and starvation. Most of the population of Bihar & Odisha and some
parts of UP migrated to western and southern India just because of drought
attacks in their area at regular intervals.
Migration due to lack of opportunities
This is the major type of migration in India. People leave
their homeland because of the absence of opportunities and less cash flow. The
educated people leave the place as they don’t get opportunities according to
their education while laborers and marginal farmers are migrating to cities as
they don’t get money to feed their family or to pay off the money lander’s
loan. The educated people migrating to Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Telangana at developed states while the uneducated people mainly migrating to
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi, Punjab or as construction labor across India or at
gulf countries.
Migration due to business expansion
This is another major type of migration in India. Due to the
development of trade routes and railway infra in British rule migration started
by Marwari having business skills. Britishers supported them and provided infra
to migrate through trade routes and other business framework development.
Nowadays major business families from Marwari opt easily to migrate if they get
better opportunities and it is purely for business expansion. Almost all towns
and cities are having Marwari communities and all they are originated from
Rajasthan. In Addition to them similar characters you will find in the Punjabi
and Sindhi community.
Migration due to education & marriage and medical
facility
Migration also happens due to marriage and education. After
marriage females leave her parents’ home while for better education youth
shifted to urban areas and later continued there or migrated to better cities.
There is the very little percentage where after education youth came back to the
homeland for their livelihood. Youth also opted to shift in urban areas to
provide better education to their children and extended medical and civil
facilities.
Impact of
Migration
Migration affects both the areas, sending area as well as to
receiving areas. We can analyze the impact of migration in the following parts.
1. Demographic
2. Social
Impact
3. Economic
Impact
4. Individual
Impact
5. Environmental
Impact
6. Political
Impact
7. Law &
Order Impact
8. Impact on
DNA & Jeans
Demographic Impact:
All type of Migrations changes the demography of both the
area, the sending area, and receiving area. In migration because of employment
or education reason, the sending area faces the shortage of youth populations
due to going out while receiving area get the surplus of the youth population,
this migration changes the age and sex composition as well and a load of the
population at a particular area in the receiving area. The share of old,
children, and females increases, and youth decreases in the sending region.
Social Impact:
Historically India faces the social impact of migration
either due to Yunani Invader, Hun, Kushan, Mangol, Turki, Mughal, or
Britishers. They all have impacted India socially. Historically migration
results in India by intermixing of diverse cultures and leads to the evolution
of living in unity in diversity culture. In Past, the above migration was done
due to invader or partitions between the borders, but post to this most of the
migration done because of better life opportunities, employment, and education.
Hence in the current scenario, the migration widens the mental vision and
horizon of the people, they encounter the changes in the world and technology
and keep their growth in that direction.
Migration helps to improve the social life of migrants,
because they get the opportunity to learn a new culture, customs, languages
and, practices which help to improve better living and societies, however, The
adopted urban practices and culture are being transmitted to the native place
slowly.
On the other side, we observe that migration changes the
population and this makes uneven population distribution in India. Most of the
migrant population faces the poverty in urban areas and this makes unable to
them to live a normal and healthy life, Children growing up in said environment
have no access to proper education, nutrition, and health. In Metro cities,
Migration is one of the reasons for the increase in slum areas which increases
many problems such as unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution, etc.
Another important social impact of migration is cultural
transformation i.e. acculturation, adjustment, and integration of migrants in
the receiving areas. Sometimes clashes visible during the adoption process
between the two cultural patterns i.e. cultural pattern of the place of origin
and the culture of the place of destination.
However, upper-class migrants often have no cultural
tension while Contrary to this among the lower-class migrant’s conflict often
visible. The place of origin culture and practice is already so deeply
internalized by the said migrants that it pushes them to remain the same even
in new areas.
In the migrated area, within the community of migrants,
there are formal and informal social groups that are formed on regional, linguistic,
and religious lines but they cut across caste lines and function to promote
group interest. The growth of social groups is a socio-cultural response of the
migrants.
Economic Impact
The major one of the reasons for migration is the wish to
change the economic condition, hence the economic impact of migration is
obvious. Migration changes the resource population ratio. If the people are
moving from an overpopulated area to an area of underpopulation the result is
in the balancing of the resource- population ratio. If the migration is from an
area of underpopulation to overpopulation or optimal populated, the results are
harmful to both the areas. Migration affects the occupational structure of the
population. The population of receiving areas becomes more productive causing
dependency ratio in the source areas. Brain drain is another consequence of
migration. Skilled people migrate from poorer parts to developed parts in
search of better economic opportunities. People migrating out send remittance to
their families at home and add to economic prosperity.
Migration helps in the reduction of Unemployment and create
better job opportunities. Migration also helps in improving the living standard
and quality of life. The migration of skilled workers leads to greater economic
growth in the receiving area. However, it affects the level of output and
development of rural areas. The influx of workers in receiving areas increases
competition for the job, houses, school, and other facilities, etc. The village
community however benefitted through the money order economy but it creates the
shortage of manpower required for farming. The migration changes the rural
practice and structure in terms of social prestige and the resource base of the
village by way of adopting new urban values. The capital generated by migrants
raises rural income stimulating technological change in the village and also
helps in developing the capacity of villages in improving agriculture and
business.
The migrants are generally open for any diversified work
opportunities but they face local issues from the urban population for the
available opportunities. The urban folks are relatively better educated,
trained, skilled, experienced, and active, and local law is generally
supportive of them being BHUMIPUTRA. The migrants find it difficult to compete
with them for better jobs but it is generally in class four and class three
jobs. The migrants from the lower socio-economic backgrounds are focused on
work and earning only, without any occupational choice.
Individual
Impact
Migration impacts a person individually also in terms of
personality, behavior, and culture. Due to this impact new values, cultural
traits, behavior patterns, and the new social conditions of living are acquired
and internalized by the migrants and they gradually become adjusted and
integrated there.
Another individual impact is on the family level. In the
rural areas’ families are joint rather than separated where the wife stays back
and the husband goes for work in urban areas. All these are affecting the fertility
level and family size. The fertility behavior of migrants' is also changing.
They are adopting new family norms, postponing childbirth, living as a nuclear
family, and even postponing the age of marriage. The migrants also inspire and
pull their siblings and relatives to migrate so that they can re-establish
their old family network there.
Environmental
Impact
Large scale movement of people from rural to urban areas
causes uncontrolled urbanization, overcrowding in cities and puts heavy
pressure on natural resources. It causes haphazard growth of cities and causes
slums lacking basic infrastructural facilities such as clean air, safe drinking
water, electricity, sewage, etc. Overcrowding is also responsible for any
environmental problems of air, water, land and noise pollution, disposable, and
management of solid wastes. A concentrated large population puts too much
pressure on natural resources, amenities, and services.
Political
Impact
Migration also affects the political equation in both areas.
In the receiving area, they are the target for polarization and vote bank
creation while for sending areas the political parties used them for an appeal
to their near and dear one as they have more effective coverage their due to the
economic condition.
Since at receiving area the migrants at generally highly
localized and concentrated, so they have high intensity for their own social
identities. And This becomes politically beneficial to them to bargain as vote
banks to meet their immediate social needs requirements.
Many times, the formation of migrant communities in the urban setting tends to create social and ethnic tensions due to the clash of
interests between the migrants and the locals, this situation sometimes tends
to arouse social conflict.
This situation is also helpful and easy for political
parties to mobilize urban political support on the basis of the social
background of the migrant groups. These both situations affect not only rural
politics and rural political mobilization but also urban politics and
mobilization.
Law &
Order Impact
Migration also affects sometimes the law and order equation
at receiving areas when conflicts between locals and migrants arise due to
resource sharing issues, employment opportunities, or any social or political
group formation. Concentrated slums, population, and poverty create the scope
for crime increases.
On DNA
& Gene
The impact of migration on DNA and Genesis a very large
subject and required detailed analysis. Here we would like to say that Indians'
DNA and Genes are impacted due to the migration that happened for long. In
northern India, you can encounter many times and apparent appearance of
population matching with the middle east and Western Asia population.
Migration
of Labourer
Not Marwaris, Punjabi, Sindhi, or other communities, major
numbers of migrants are laborers. The labor migration history starts from the
British era as a contract laborer (Girmitiya) and continued until now as labor
on contract through labor contractor. The major reason for migration is
poverty, drought, starvation, and less employment and fewer wages opportunity
in the rural areas of India. Most form of migration is rural to urban and
the major sending states of the laborer are UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and
West Bengal while most recipient states are Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Telangana, and Punjab and out of the India most recipient country in
British era was Mauritius, Fiji, Surinam, Guana & Trinidad, and nowadays
Gulf Countries and Thailand.
The major chunk of a laborer is seasonal and in the informal
sector such as construction, hotel, textile, manufacturing, transportation,
services, domestic work, etc., getting low-pay and living in hazardous
conditions. They have poor access to health services; they cannot afford
private hospitals and often go back to their native place once they fall sick.
This affects their employment opportunities, as well as the loss of income. A
large number of migrants find work as unskilled laborers because of early age
entry.
You can observe that due to the unorganized and chaotic
labor market, they regularly face conflicts and disputes at the workplace. The
most common issues are timely-payment of wages, physical abuse, accidents, and
even some times death and its compensation. The existing legal machinery is not
that much sense to the nature of the legal disputes they face and need
resolution, most of the time decisions came in the favor of industrialists
because of their access power to the system and afford to bear the legal cost.
While the cities are built by informal sector migrant
laborers, but they never get the space in thinking of city makers; instead,
they are considered as a problem. The political class also ignores them because
they don’t count as votes, because of inter-state mobility, and Due to their
mobile nature, they don’t find any place in the manifestos of trade unions as
well.
Migration
from Bihar
Bihar is a labor surplus state, and the welfare of the
working-age population is of paramount importance. Being an agrarian economy, a
large section of the working-age population is engaged in agriculture and
allied activities. Historically, due to the low industrial development and
existence of a few skill-based services sectors, a large share of this
working-age population has also been migrating to other states and foreign
countries in search of remunerative employment opportunities. Over the period,
the nature and geography of migration have undergone qualitative changes. The
increase in expenditure on infrastructure in Bihar has slowed the migration of
laborers from the State.
The economic history of India confirms that Bihar has been
an uninterrupted source of migrant workers at different stages of economic and
social development in India. The workers (skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled)
have migrated to different parts of India to work as labor for both
agricultural and industrial growth. Historically, migration to international
locations has also been observed. The data from Census 2011 suggest that
workers from Siwan, Gopalganj, West Champaran, and East Champaran districts in
Bihar often migrates to the gulf countries.
As per the Bihar Economic Survey 2019-20 Government Report,
In Bihar, 75 percent of total migration took place due to marriage, compared to
46 percent at the all-India level. Only 2.9 percent of total migration took
place due to work/employment and business. Of the total number of migrating
people due to marriage, 98 percent were women. Moreover, of the total migrating
people due to work, employment, and business, 76 percent of them were men.
These two patterns indicate that in India, more specifically in Bihar,
migration due to social norms and customs has been overwhelmingly dominant over
economic reasons for migration. Secondly, migration of women has been primarily
controlled by social and cultural factors, and the migration of men has been
determined by economic factors.
As regards international migration, one can get some
indirect evidence from the emigration clearances at the Indian airports. As per
this data, Bihar accounted for 15 percent of emigration clearance, which is the
second-highest after Andhra Pradesh (31 percent).
(Source:
finance.bih.nic.in/Reports/Economic-Survey-2020-EN.pdf, Chapter VI Chapter
Migration)
Money
order Economy
The remittances are a crucial aspect of migration. The left
families of the migrants are heavily dependent on the fund remitted to them.
The Reserve Bank of India conducted a survey called ‘India’s Inward Remittances
Survey 2016-17’ to report on the status of migration and remittances across the
states of India.
As per the report, Kerala received 19 percent of the total
remittances, followed by Maharashtra (16.7 percent) and Karnataka (15 percent).
Among all states, UP stood at 7th rank, with 3.1 percent and Bihar stood at the
11th rank, with 1.3 percent, of the total remittances. According to the
findings of this report, almost 59.2 percent of total remittances were used
primarily to maintain consumption at the origin households, while 20.0 percent
remittances were used for bank deposit, followed by 8.3 percent for investment
purposes, especially to purchase immovable and financial assets. It is clear
that when more than half of the remittances are used for household consumption,
the standard of living of the households at the origin improved due to
remittances.
In Maharashtra and it was vogue in earlier days that the east UP
rural economy was run by the money order sent from Bombay ( now Mumbai). Also
if you see the bank deposits in UP east you will find most of the deposits came
from the migrant's families resided there.
(Source:
finance.bih.nic.in/Reports/Economic-Survey-2020-EN.pdf, Chapter VI Chapter
Migration)
As per the International Labor Organization, India Labor
Migration update 2018, subheading “Migration, remittances and the Indian
economy”, The contribution of migrant workers, both highly skilled and
low-skilled has led to India becoming the top recipient of remittances in the
world, with over US$ 62.7 billion received in 2016. FDI inflows for the same
year in India was at US$ 46.4 billion, underscoring the importance of
remittance flows into the Indian economy. Remittances from the GCC make up 52%
of remittances received in India.
Migrant
Status in Gujarat & Maharashtra
Migrants Status in Gujarat and Maharashtra we can bifurcate
in two parts, first who came a few decades ago and now well settled in
Maharashtra & Gujarat bought home or KHOLI and started a business here
and, another who is coming here nowadays mainly the labor class. The former part is
well settled and participating in local politics, become vote bank and playing
a vital role in local politics however often faces the clash between locals and
them but due to being here for long days and having strong foot anyhow they
manage the clashes, but due to conflict many times later part suffers.
If we would like to know more about the later part of
migrants in Gujarat and Maharashtra we should read the below article published
in World Economic Forum Report under the heading of "India has 139 million
internal migrants, They must not be forgotten" dated 1st October 2017 at
www.weforum.org / agenda / under the subheading of Ahmedabad's migrant army
which can put an eye on the status of Maharashtra and Gujarat both.
As per this, Ahmedabad, which is the seventh-largest
metropolitan area in India with a population of over 6 million, is an important
economic and industrial hub. There are approximately 1.3 to 1.7 million labor
migrants in the city. They come from all directions in north, west, and eastern
India. Over the years they have come to be identified with specific sectors –
tribal migrants from Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan form the construction
workforce; seasonal migrants from Bihar are head-loaders and cart pushers;
migrants from Uttar Pradesh dominate as factory workers and drivers; Oriyas are
mostly associated with plumbing work, and the diamond cutting industry is made
up of people from Saurashtra. A large majority of them hail from historically
marginalized groups such as the SCs and STs, which adds an additional layer of
vulnerability to their urban experiences.
These seasonal migrant workers have carved spaces for
themselves in the most inhospitable places in Ahmedabad. The choices are
varied: rented rooms, open spaces, slums, pavements, worksites, etc. While the
rented rooms are severely congested, open spaces are insecure arrangements
exposed to the public gaze and eviction drives by the Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation. The most vulnerable of these are the seasonal migrant workers who
live on the worksites themselves – while it helps them save money, it also
makes them available for work 24 hours a day.
Migration from different parts of the country to the city of
Ahmedabad has formed numerous channels of exploitation. Recruited from villages
through an elaborate network of contractors, migrant workers end up being a
vulnerable workforce that can be subjugated and disciplined easily. The system
has become so openly abusive and brutal that migrants find it easier to find
work in other states rather than on their own. The contract labor system and a
loose monitoring and regulating state apparatus have only helped strengthen
these unfair models and practices in the migrant job market.
Source:
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/10/india-has-139-million-internal-migrants-we-must-not-forget-them/
Reverse
Migration
Due to infrastructure development, overall development in UP
& Bihar, in other similar states, and MNREGA, reverse migration was earlier
started but due to the Covid-19 lockdown, it speeded up now at a large scale.
Before lockdown, the reverse migration from Gujarat and Maharashtra encountered
many times, because of local conflict and violence. Since the local
industrialist has understood the importance of these migrant laborers that’s
why for the first time, the Gujarat government and Gujarat Chamber of Commerce
and Industry have come together on the subject of reverse migration and
appealing to government to stop, they said that if they are not stopped, the
business of Gujarat will be greatly damaged. A similar story we will find at
Maharashtra also.
Due to this reverse migration, people on the other side of
the table are now worried and came on the front, the Gujarat Chamber of
Commerce and Industry has expressed concern that 70 to 80% of the workers in
Gujarat is from outside and if they leave there will be a serious crisis on
the economy of Gujarat. Industrialists there say that the local people cannot
do the work that these laborers do, and this truth has been accepted. It is
also true that the sole aim of UP Bihar or other migrant laborers who work
outsides is to earn only, the whole focus remains on it and there is no
diversion anywhere. Therefore, they work hard for 12 to 14 hours, make money
and the factory owner also gets benefits. The workers of these states have
enriched many other states due to their cheap and excellent labor.
This is the first time that reverse migration of migrant
laborers remains a matter of concern for the governments at Maharashtra,
Gujarat & Telangana. Earlier there used to be a noise in the original state
from where they migrated, that migration from these regions should be stopped,
and now it is happening for the first time that the government and the industry
class is stopping them in the state where they have migrated. After all, who
are the subjects of political and economic discussion on both sides? In fact,
it is those working people who create value in a product or work through their
hard work, as a result of which that product or work becomes a valuable
commodity for the businessman and benefits the businessman and the industry, and
that States.
Migrant Labourers are an important part of the production,
just like capital, material, and machine, due to this reverse migration, the cycle of production will stop and there will be a big crisis in the industry
and business of that state. Discussions of migration and reverse migration have
underscored them as an important asset.
During Corona time reverse migration Uttar Pradesh was the
first state who has recognized the importance and skill of migrant laborers and
come forward with the skill database mapping, providing the job with job portal
according to skills, which I had also suggested to the Uttar Pradesh
Government. MNRGA is also one of the important factors which play to slow down
the migration from poor and developing state and after reverse migration
holding then in that state.
This reverse migration has a positive value as the migrated
people are now assets in terms of skill and experience and the local economy
can use their skill and experience to grow.
Way
Forward
Migration is the truth of civilization, there is a positive
and negative side of migration, the way forward is to establish to the equal
right of migrants, access to health services and social security, extending the
civic facilities, better education for their children. Also, to slow down the
migration because of employment and poverty government should focus on rural
economy and deurbanization. Instead of making smart cities the government should
focus on developing the Smart town and civic infra at village and town, which
will hold 70% economy locally with urban facilities this will start the
decentralization of production across the nation and will create the base for
equal distribution of income in India.
Reference
censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/migrations.aspx
https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2017-2018/es2016-17/echap12.pdf
http://finance.bih.nic.in/Reports/Economic-Survey-2020-EN.pdf
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/10/india-has-139-million-internal-migrants-we-must-not-forget-them/
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/huge-gaps-in-migrant-data-submitted-by-states-to-labour-ministry-supreme-court/articleshow/76314918.cms
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-new_delhi/documents/publication/wcms_631532.pdf
https://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/migrations.aspx
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/15l-migrant-workers-left-during-lockdown-study/articleshow/77044207.cms
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